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What are the main uses of 1,4-diiodobutane (tetramethylene diiodide)?
1,4-Dioxin (tetrachlorodibenzo dioxin) is also a highly toxic organic compound. It has very few uses. Because of its strong toxicity, high stability and bioaccumulation, it is difficult to degrade in the environment and organisms, so it is not a useful and practical thing, but mostly an industrial by-product or an accidental pollutant.
In the past, when the industry was not refined, it was often unintentionally produced in the production and incineration of chlorine-containing organic compounds, such as waste incineration and chemical manufacturing. Although it is unintentionally generated, once it enters the environment, it is far-reaching. It can be transmitted through air, water, soil and other media, into animals and plants, and enriched through the food chain, eventually endangering human beings.
If the human body is exposed to this substance, it will cause great harm. It can cause damage to the immune system, nervous system, and endocrine system, and increase the risk of cancer. Pregnant women suffer from it, and it also affects the development of the fetus, causing deformities, intellectual disabilities and other diseases.
Therefore, 1,4-dioxin is not for the right purpose, but is the enemy of the environment and human health. At present, all countries have strict regulations to control its generation and emissions, and strive to ensure the cleanliness of the environment and the safety of the people.
What are the physical properties of 1,4-diiodobutane (tetramethylene diiodide)?
1,4-Dichlorobutane (tetramethylene dichloride) is an organic compound, and its physical properties are as follows:
In terms of appearance, it is a colorless and transparent liquid under normal conditions, with no special color impurities when pure, and the visual perception is clear.
In odor, it has a weak odor similar to chloroform, which is not strongly irritating, and the odor is relatively mild, but its unique volatile odor can still be detected.
The boiling point is about 155-156 ° C, indicating that the substance changes from liquid to gaseous at this temperature, and it needs to reach this temperature in an atmospheric pressure environment to boil.
The melting point is -38 ° C, which means that when the temperature drops to this point, 1,4-dichlorobutane solidifies from liquid to solid. The density of
is about 1.145g/cm ³, which is slightly heavier than water. When mixed with water, it will sink to the bottom of the water.
In terms of solubility, it is slightly soluble in water, and the polarity of water molecules is strong, while the polarity of 1,4-dichlorobutane is weak. According to the principle of similar miscibility, the miscibility of the two is poor. However, it is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and ether, which are similar in structure and polarity to each other and can be miscible with each other. In addition, 1,4-dichlorobutane has a certain volatility. When placed in air, it will gradually evaporate from liquid to gaseous diffusion.
What are the chemical properties of 1,4-diiodobutane (tetramethylene diiodide)?
The chemical properties of 1% 2C4-dibromobutane (tetramethylene dibromide) are worth studying in depth. In this compound, the presence of bromine atoms gives it unique reactivity.
In terms of its nucleophilic substitution reaction, bromine atoms are good leaving groups. When encountering nucleophilic reagents, it is prone to substitution. In case of hydroxyl negative ions, 1,4-butanediol can be formed, which is a typical reaction of nucleophilic substitution. Hydroxy negative ions attack carbon atoms and bromine ions leave. The reaction follows the mechanism of SN2 or SN1, which varies according to the reaction conditions. If the reaction system is a polar aprotic solvent and the substrate has no steric resistance, it is mostly carried out by SN2 mechanism. The reaction is completed in one step, and the nucleophilic reagent attacks from the back of the bromine atom, and the configuration is reversed; if the substrate has a large steric resistance or the solvent is a protic solvent, the carbon positive ion intermediate may be formed first according to the SN1 mechanism, and then combined with the nucleophilic reagent, and the configuration may be racemized.
In addition, 1,4-dibromobutane can be eliminated. Under the action of a strong base, the hydrogen atom and the bromine atom on the adjacent carbon atom are removed to form an olefin. If it is co-heated with potassium hydroxide in an alcohol solution, 1,3-butadiene can be formed. This elimination reaction also follows specific rules, mostly following the Zaitsev rule, that is, olefin with more substituents is the main product, but under the action of some special strong bases, anti-Zaitsev products may also be formed.
It can also participate in the reaction of organometallic reagents. Reacting with magnesium can form Grignard reagents, which are extremely active and can be added to a variety of carbonyl compounds to form carbon-carbon bonds. They are widely used in the field of organic synthesis and can be used to synthesize complex organic compounds.
In conclusion, 1,4-dibromobutane has various chemical properties due to its bromine-containing structure, and plays an important role in many fields such as organic synthesis, providing a rich chemical reaction path for organic chemistry research and practical applications.
What are the synthesis methods of 1,4-diiodobutane (tetramethylene diiodide)?
There are various methods for the synthesis of 1,4-dibromobutane (tetramethylene dibromide), which are described as follows:
First, butanol is used as the starting material. Butanol and hydrobromic acid can undergo a substitution reaction under the catalysis of sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst here to enhance the activity of hydrobromic acid and promote the reaction. The reaction formula is: $C_ {4} H_ {9} OH + HBr\ stackrel {H_ {2} SO_ {4}} {\ longrightarrow} C_ {4} H_ {9} Br + H_ {2} O $, Mr. Bromobutane. Subsequently, bromobutane and bromine under the action of light or initiator, radical substitution reaction occurs, bromine atom replaces the ortho hydrogen atom of the carbon connected to bromine in the butane molecule to generate 1,4-dibromobutane, the reaction formula is: $C_ {4} H_ {9} Br + Br_ {2}\ stackrel {light or initiator} {\ longrightarrow} Br (CH_ {2}) _ {4} Br + HBr $.
Second, with 1,3-butadiene as raw material. 1,3-Butadiene and hydrogen bromide undergo a 1,4-addition reaction to produce 1-bromo-2-butene with the formula: $CH_ {2} = CH - CH = CH_ {2} + HBr\ longrightarrow CH_ {2} Br - CH = CH - CH_ {3} $. Then, 1-bromo-2-butene is added to hydrogen under appropriate conditions, and the double bond becomes a single bond. At the same time, under the action of appropriate catalysts, the addition reaction with hydrogen bromide can occur again, and finally 1,4-dibromobutane is generated. The reaction formula is: $CH_ {2} Br - CH = CH - CH_ {3} + H_ {2}\ stackrel {catalyst} {\ longrightarrow} CH_ {2} Br - CH_ {2} - CH_ {2} - CH_ {3} $, $CH_ {2} Br - CH_ {2} - CH_ {2} - CH_ {3} + HBr \ Stackrel {catalyst} {\ longrightarrow} Br (CH_ {2}) _ {4} Br $.
Third, tetrahydrofuran is used as raw material. Under acidic conditions, tetrahydrofuran can be ring-opened and reacted with hydrogen bromide to produce 4-bromobutanol. The reaction formula is: $O\ left (CH_ {2}\ right) _ {4} + HBr\ stackrel {H ^{+}}{\ long right arrow} HO\ left (CH_ {2}\ right) _ {4} Br $. 4-Bromobutanol is then substituted with hydrobromic acid, and the hydroxyl group is replaced by bromine atoms to obtain 1,4-dibromobutane. The reaction formula is: $HO\ left (CH_ {2}\ right) _ {4} Br + HBr\ longrightarrow Br\ left (CH_ {2}\ right) _ {4} Br + H_ {2} O $.
These methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice needs to be weighed according to the actual situation, such as raw material cost, difficulty of reaction conditions, product purity and other factors.
What are the precautions for storing and transporting 1,4-diiodobutane (tetramethylene diiodide)?
1% 2C4-dioxin (tetramethyldioxides) is a toxic substance. During the process of storage, it is necessary to pay attention to the situation as a whole, and it cannot be ignored.
When it is in storage, it is the first time to create a room environment. The room should be dry, transparent and low-pressure, and it should be protected from rain and tide invasion. Because of its nature, it should be controlled in a suitable area to prevent it from being affected by the environment. In addition, the room should have good insulation measures, and flammable, explosive and oxidized materials should be isolated to prevent accidental destruction.
In addition, the container that is stored must be carefully. The use of anti-corrosion containers, dense storage, to protect the risk of leakage. The material of the container, can resist the corrosion of 1% 2C4-dioxin, and has a sufficient degree of corrosion, long-lasting.
It is not easy to use, and the tools are not equipped. The used materials, ships, etc., must be cleaned and disinfected in advance to remove all possible negative things. On the way, the grid is controlled and controlled, and the route is set according to the established road to avoid densely populated and environmentally sensitive places. The people are also affected by the development, familiar with the characteristics of 1% 2C4-dioxin, and the method of emergency treatment. In order to prevent leakage accidents.
Where this is the case, it is necessary to pay attention to the 1% 2C4-dioxin in the storage system. If you are not careful, or it is too large, it will endanger life and damage the environment. Therefore, you should be cautious.