1 Bromo 2 Iodonaphthalene

Mercury, or mercury, played an important role in ancient alchemy. Its main uses are quite extensive. In terms of alchemy, the ancients believed that mercury has extraordinary properties, and hoped that through the refining and transformation of mercury, they could obtain an elixir that can make people live forever. "Baopuzi Jindan" records: "When Dan Sand is burned into mercury, it accumulates and changes into Dan Sand." The ancients believed that this wonderful change contained endless mysteries. Mercury can be transformed into an elixir with magical effects through a complex refining process, and it can prolong life and become immortal when taken.
In the medical field, mercury also has applications. Ancient medical scientists discovered that mercury and its compounds have certain medicinal value. For example, some mercury-containing agents can be used to treat skin diseases such as scabies and sores. " The Compendium of Materia Medica records that mercury "has the shape of water like silver, hence the name mercury, also known as mercury... It treats scabies, fistulae, scabs, ulcers, alopecia, kills skin lice, abortions, removes heat, and kills gold, silver, copper, and tin poisoning", indicating that the ancients have understood the role of mercury in medical treatment.
In addition, mercury is also used to make various handicrafts and utensils. For example, in the ancient gilding process, mercury and gold were often made into gold amalgam, which was applied to the surface of the utensils, and heated to evaporate the mercury, so that the gold was firmly attached to the utensils, forming a gorgeous gilding effect and enhancing the beauty and value of the utensils.
Mercury also plays an important role in religious and sacrificial activities. The ancients believed that mercury had mysterious powers and could communicate with gods, exorcise evil spirits and avoid disasters. Therefore, mercury was often used as a special item in sacrificial ceremonies and religious rituals to place people's reverence and prayers for gods.

Mercury is fluid and heavy in quality. Its color is white, at room temperature, it is liquid, and its luster is like silver, so it is also called mercury. Although the characteristics of mercury are not detailed in "Tiangong Kaiwu", it can be deduced from common sense, and one or two can be known.
Mercury has the property of heavy falling, and its quality is particularly heavy than that of ordinary things. Take a container and hold a little mercury. If you hold it, you will feel it sinking, which is a sign of its weight. And mercury has excellent fluidity. It is inclined to the ground, that is, scattered and flowing, amorphous, such as silver beads falling on the ground, rolling freely, and difficult to converge.
Furthermore, mercury is toxic. Although the ancients did not know the principle of its chemical toxicity, looking at the matter of its use in alchemy, or those who took mercury agents by mistake, they often suffered serious diseases and even died, which shows that the harm is not shallow. In the alchemy room, warlocks refine mercury, and they often feel stuffy and dizzy, which is a sign of mercury toxicity.
And mercury is highly volatile. Placed in an open place, over time, the amount of it gradually decreases, even if it evaporates in the air. This property is also different from that of ordinary liquids. The rate of evaporation of ordinary liquids is rarely like that of mercury.
And cinnabar is the ore of mercury. Its color is vermilion, bright and dazzling. The quality is brittle, and it is fragile when hit. Often lumpy or granular. Although cinnabar is solid, it contains mercury, which can be precipitated by the method of fire refining. When the ancients refined alchemy, they often used cinnabar as a raw material because of its mercury content. Cinnabar is underground, after years, it is nurtured by the spiritual energy of heaven and earth. Its properties are relatively stable, but it changes in case of fire, and mercury comes out of it, showing its flow and falling again. Compared with the two, mercury is pure, with strong fluidity, volatility and toxicity; cinnabar is a ore, solid and stable, but it contains mercury, which can be changed after refining. Both have their own characteristics, and in the cognition and practice of the ancients, they are all special things.

Mercury, commonly known as mercury, is a liquid metal at room temperature and pressure, and is one of the metal elements. It has the following chemical properties:
1. ** Oxidation reaction **: Mercury can react with oxygen under heating conditions to form mercury oxide. "Tiangong Kaiwu" has a saying: "Where mercury is raised to vermilion, it is called silver vermilion (that is, mercury sulfide). If mercury has been raised to vermilion, it cannot be returned to mercury." Although mercury reacts with sulfur to form cinnabar (mercury sulfide), it reflects that mercury can react with other substances. When heating mercury, it contacts oxygen and slowly combines. There is the following reaction formula:\ (2Hg + O_ {2}\ xlongequal {\ triangle} 2HgO\).
2. ** Reaction with Acids **: Mercury can react with oxidizing acids such as concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid. When mercury and concentrated sulfuric acid are heated, mercury sulfate, sulfur dioxide and water are formed by the reaction formula:\ (Hg + 2H_ {2} SO_ {4} (concentrated) \ xlongequal {\ triangle} HgSO_ {4} + SO_ {2}\ uparrow + 2H_ {2} O\); mercury reacts with concentrated nitric acid to produce mercury nitrate, nitrogen dioxide and water by the reaction formula:\ (Hg + 4HNO_ {3} (concentrated) = Hg (NO_ {3}) _ {2} + 2NO_ {2}\ uparrow + 2H_ {2} O\). Mercury can also react with dilute nitric acid to form mercury nitrate, nitric oxide, and water.
3. ** Forming alloys with metals (amalgamation) **: Mercury can form amalgams with many metals, and this property is widely used in metallurgy and other fields. For example, when the ancients mined gold, it was convenient to use mercury and gold to form gold amalgamates, and then heat to volatilize the mercury to obtain gold. "Tiangong Kaiwu" states: "All those who are full of colored gold ginseng and counterfeit sellers, only silver can enter, and the rest is hopeless. If you want to remove silver to deposit gold, you should break the gold into thin slices and cut them up. Each piece is coated with soil mud and melted into borax in a crucible. The silver is inhaled into the soil, allowing the gold to flow out and form a sufficient color. Then a little mercury is added, and it is put into the crucible. The soil is covered and melted, and the gold becomes a cake, which is called gold. "Although the formation of amalgam is not described in detail, it is known that mercury is involved in the metallurgical process.
4. ** Reaction with sulfur **: Mercury and sulfur powder can react quickly at room temperature to generate mercury sulfide. This property is often used to deal with mercury leakage accidents to avoid mercury volatilization and toxicity." Tiangong Kaiyi "also mentions the formation of cinnabar from mercury and sulfur. The reaction formula is:\ (Hg + S = HgS\).

The synthesis method of mercury and cinnabar has been explored in ancient times. There are also phases in "Tiangong Materials".
Mercury, that is, water, cinnabar and mercury sulfide. The synthesis method is to multiply the inverse phase.
One method is to combine mercury and sulfur phases. In "Tiangong Materials", it is said that to obtain cinnabar, the mercury and sulfur phases can be combined. First take the amount of mercury, put it in a dense vessel, and then add sulfur. Mix the two, the nature of sulfur is dry, and the nature of mercury flows. When the two meet, it is easy to combine. The addition accelerates the inverse, and the sulfur and mercury are synthesized into mercury sulfide. The resulting mercury sulfide can be obtained in high degrees of cinnabar.
The second method may be to add sulfur-containing substances to mercury-containing minerals, accompanied by specific smelting methods. In ancient times, mercury-containing rocks were obtained by mining in mountains, and sulfur-containing rocks or other sulfur sources were co-located in the metallurgical system. It is very important to control the temperature and temperature. If the temperature is high, mercury is easy to escape; if the temperature is insufficient, the chemical reaction can be fully carried out. In the process of smelting, the mercury in the stone interacts with the addition of sulfur to form mercury sulfide, that is, cinnabar.
There are also people who use mercury solutions or sulfur-containing solutions to conduct chemical reactions. First, the mercury is dissolved in a specific solution to make a mercury solution, and then the sulfur-containing solution is taken, dissolved in water or other suitable solutions, to make a sulfur-containing solution. The sulfur-containing solution is dropped into the mercury solution and mixed with the solution. This time, the biochemical reaction in the solution, the mercury and sulfur are combined to form mercury sulfide deposits., washing, dry and other processes, you can get cinnabar.
However, the ancient method of synthesizing cinnabar, due to the limitations of technology and technology, there are many deficiencies, and the synthesized cinnabar is not as good as the OEM. But the spirit and wisdom of the ancients are still worthy of my admiration.

Mercury should be stored in storage, so pay attention to all kinds of things. Mercury has special properties and is easy to evaporate into mercury, which is toxic. Therefore, the storage of mercury should be kept in a dense container to prevent it from being exposed. It is commonly used in thick-walled glass bottles or gold containers, and it is necessary to leave a certain amount of space, because the mercury is subject to swelling. It is best to be cool and well-connected when it is stored. The source of ignition should be avoided, and it should be accelerated due to the increase in temperature. The mercury is properly fixed in the container to prevent it from colliding and falling, and it should be prevented by people, such as gas masks, to prevent the exposure from inhaling mercury vapor.
It is not necessary to avoid the risk of exposure, but its compounds are often toxic. For storage, also use dense containers, which can be made of gold or plastic drums, and keep them in a dry place, because they are prone to corrosion due to moisture. In this way, it is necessary to ensure that the container is firm and avoid leakage due to damage. If it is a chemical compound, extra care should be taken because of its toxicity or worse. Operators should wear protective clothing, gloves, etc., and there are also clear warnings to inform others of this toxic substance. In addition, the storage and storage of mercury should be based on safety first, and follow the rules to prevent it from causing harm to human environments.