Benzaldehyde, 4-chloro-3-iodo-

"Tiangong Kaiwu" was written by Song Yingxing in the Ming Dynasty, which is the culmination of ancient Chinese science and technology. However, the "product 4-ammonia-3-azolecarbonamide" is not described in "Tiangong Kaiwu". Because the chemical knowledge at that time was very different from the modern chemical system, there was no such fine chemical structure cognition.
Based on modern chemical knowledge, the amino group of ammonia ($NH_3 $) is basic and nucleophilic. Azoles are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, which have unique chemical properties and electron cloud distribution according to the composition and connection of atoms in the ring. Formamide, $HCONH_2 $, has certain polarity and reactivity.
However, according to the name of "4-ammonia-3-azole formamide", it is difficult to determine its chemical structure. "4 -" and "3 -" may be identified as substituents, but the specific structure of the azole ring, such as imidazole, pyrazole, etc., it is difficult to know the exact connection check point and spatial orientation of the amino group and formamide based on the azole ring.
If it is an imidazole ring, its 1,3-position is a nitrogen atom, 4-ammonia-3-azole formamide or 4-amino-3-formamido imidazole, then the amino group is connected to the 4-position carbon of the imidazole ring, and the formamide group is connected to the 3-position nitrogen. If it is a pyrazole ring, the 1,2-position is a nitrogen atom, and the structure is different.
Due to limited information, it can only be inferred according to the naming rules, and it is difficult to form a precise chemical structure. To be sure, more structural information is needed, such as spectral data, chemical synthesis paths, etc.

In "Tiangong Kaiwu", it is recorded that calamine (the main component is zinc carbonate), red copper (Cu 2O O), and charcoal powder can be mixed and heated to about 800 ° C to obtain brass (copper-zinc alloy). Borax (the main component Na 2O B O · 10H 2O O) is also often used in smelting.
The main uses of borax in smelting are as follows:
First, as a flux. Borax can melt at high temperatures, reducing the melting point of metal oxides, making it easier for the metal in the ore to be reduced from its oxides. For example, when smelting copper-zinc alloys, it can make the zinc carbonate in calamine more easily decomposed into zinc oxide, which is then reduced to zinc by carbon; at the same time, it can also make the cuprous oxide in red copper more easily reduced to copper, which greatly improves smelting efficiency and saves energy and time.
Second, slag production. Borax reacts with some gangue components (such as silicon dioxide, etc.) in the ore during smelting to generate slag with low melting point, low density and good fluidity. These slag can be separated from the metal, thereby removing impurities in the ore and improving the purity of the metal. For example, when refining copper from copper ore containing impurities, borax reacts with impurities to form slag, which floats on the surface of the copper liquid and is easy to remove.
Third, refining effect. Borax can react with some harmful impurities and fix it in the slag to prevent these impurities from entering the metal melt and improve the quality of the metal. Like sulfur, phosphorus and other impurities in some metals, borax can react with it to reduce the impurity content and improve the quality of the metal.
Fourth, protective effect. During high temperature smelting, borax will form a protective film on the metal surface after melting to prevent the metal from being oxidized, avoid the loss of the metal due to oxidation, and ensure the stability of the metal composition during the smelting process.

Mercury is a unique metal that is liquid at room temperature and pressure, and its physical properties are unique.
First and foremost, mercury has a metallic luster, its surface is like a mirror, and it shines with a silver-white light, which makes it very eye-catching when illuminated by light.
Furthermore, the density of mercury is quite impressive, about 13.6 g/cm3, much higher than that of common water and many metals. This property causes mercury to exhibit unique ups and downs when it comes into contact with other substances.
Mercury has an extremely low melting point, only -38.87 ° C, which means that mercury can still maintain its liquid state in a normal low temperature environment. In comparison, common metals such as iron and copper have melting points above 1000 degrees Celsius.
The boiling point of mercury is 356.6 ° C, relatively speaking, it is not as high as some high-boiling metals. Under appropriate heating conditions, mercury can quickly transform into a gaseous state.
Mercury also has good electrical conductivity, which is similar to most metals. It can conduct current in circuits and has important applications in electronic devices and other fields.
In addition, mercury has very good fluidity. Because it is liquid and has low internal friction, it can flow freely on the plane, like a smart silver liquid, which is difficult to be easily bound. The unique physical properties of mercury make it useful in many fields, such as thermometers, sphygmomanometers, and other measuring instruments, as well as in some chemical experiments and electronic industries.

To make borax, there are various methods. First, natural borax ore can be mined and purified. Between mountains and rivers, find borax veins, dig ore, leach it with water, dissolve borax, filter out impurities, and then evaporate, concentrate, cool and crystallize to obtain pure borax.
Second, take boromagnetite as the starting material. First, the boromagnetite is co-melted with soda ash, and the reaction is as follows: $Mg_2B_2O_5\ cdot H_2O + Na_2CO_3\ stackrel {high temperature }{=\!=\!=} 2NaBO_2 + 2MgO + CO_2\ uparrow + H_2O $. After melting, leach it with water to dissolve soluble sodium borate and filter out insoluble materials such as magnesium oxide. After passing carbon dioxide into the filtrate, adjusting its pH, sodium borate is then converted into borax, and the reaction is: $4NaBO_2 + CO_2 + 10H_2O Na_2B_4O_7\ cdot 10H_2O + Na_2CO_3 $. After separation, crystallization, and drying, the finished borax can be obtained.
Third, boric acid and borax are used as raw materials. Mix boric acid and soda ash in a certain proportion, add water to dissolve, and heat the reaction: $4H_3BO_3 + Na_2CO_3 =\!=\!= Na_2B_4O_7 + 6H_2O +\ uparrow $. After the reaction is completed, borax can also be obtained through evaporation and concentration, cooling and crystallization, filtration, washing, drying and other processes.
All kinds of production methods, each has its own advantages and disadvantages. The method of mining natural borax ore, the raw materials are natural, but it needs to be prospected for ore, and the purification is more complex. Boron-magnesium ore is used as material, although the raw materials are common, the process is slightly longer, and the reaction conditions need to be controlled. Boric acid and borax method, the operation is slightly simpler, but the raw material cost may be higher. When according to the actual situation, such as the availability of raw materials, the level of cost, the condition of equipment, etc., choose the appropriate method to make borax.

Mercury is very toxic, and you should be very careful when storing and transporting it.
When storing, choose a cool, dry and well-ventilated place. Because mercury is volatile, if placed in a warm and humid place, its volatilization will intensify, and the toxic gas will overflow, which is easy to cause poisoning to people and animals around. And it must be sealed and stored. It is often used in thick-walled glass bottles, and the mouth of the bottle should be strictly sealed to prevent mercury from escaping. Warning words such as "highly toxic" should be marked on the outside of the bottle, so that people can see the harm at a glance and dare not ignore it.
When transporting, the first thing is to ensure that the packaging is stable. First, use a thick material liner to prevent the mercury bottle from being damaged by vibration and collision during transportation. Then place it in a sturdy container and fix it properly. The person transporting it must be familiar with the characteristics and hazards of mercury, and know the emergency response methods. Check it often on the way, and if there is any leakage, deal with it quickly. Do not transport it with food, medicine, etc., to prevent contamination.
And during the whole process of storage and transportation, strict norms and systems should be followed, and special personnel should be supervised and managed. Every change should be recorded in detail for traceability. In this way, mercury can be kept in storage and transportation, without disaster, and to protect the safety of one party.