What is the Chinese name of this substance?
Because it is not clear what the substance is, take "saltpeter" as an example and answer according to the classical Chinese style of "Tiangong Kaiwu":
This substance is saltpeter. Saltpeter, its color may be white or slightly yellowish, like frost and snow, cold in nature. "Tiangong Kaiwu" states that saltpeter is often born in mountains and rocks, and is occasionally found among the earth and rocks.
There are many ways to obtain saltpeter. First, choose a place with a lot of alkaline soil in the ground, dig a deep pit, gather the alkaline soil in it, and drizzle it with water, so that the nitrate in the soil seeps out with the water. Then, take the leached water, put it in a large kettle, and fry it with fire. When the water is gradually reduced, there will be nitrate flowers in the pot. The heat must be carefully observed, neither too much nor too little. If the heat is suitable, saltpeter gradually gathers, and the color is pure and of good quality.
The use of saltpeter is quite extensive. In the military, gunpowder can be made. For gunpowder, saltpeter is the main one, mixed with sulfur and charcoal in a certain proportion. When it burns, it will explode with a loud noise, and its power is amazing. It can be a sharp weapon for breaking the enemy in battle. In the way of medicine, saltpeter also has its own functions. It is cold in nature, it can clear away heat and purge fire, and treat certain fever. However, it is strong in nature, and it must be used in accordance with medical principles, and it should not be taken by yourself.
Although saltpeter is invisible in the world, it is of great use in military affairs, medicine, and other important matters. In fact, it is a wonder born in the world.
What are its physical properties?
If the material of its objects is rational, it is like gold. In the words of gold, it is often hard, and it has many good properties and good properties. Gold, its color is natural, and it is used for the creation of ordinary utensils. This is also true, and its durability is particularly good, and it is often used for the creation of utensils.
If there is wood, its appearance is slightly softer than gold, and it has a certain degree of durability. Its clarity, often used in the construction of houses and utensils. The nature of wood, or dry and easy to crack, or easy to decay when damp, but also has a solid and durable material.
Stone, hard on the ground, is mostly heavy. Or have different colors, paths, and various uses, such as roads, roads, images, etc. Its physical reason is fixed, and it can be invaded by the moon.
Water, flowing in the shape of a liquid, often in the form of a liquid. With a certain density, it is subject to melting, and when it is cold, it condenses ice. Water is necessary for the production of matter, and can dissolve many things. Its physical reason is closely related to the reproduction and transformation of life.
The shape of the
is stuffed with the world. It cannot be seen, but its force and degree of resistance are very huge. Those who are formed by the flow of water can play an important role in the transformation of heaven and earth.
Therefore, each object has its own physical rationality, or soft, or tangible or shaped, or capable of being, or special. These are all natural wonders, and need to be investigated deeply by me before we can make good use of them.
What are its chemical properties?
What are the chemical properties of a substance? To understand this, we should study the changes between it and others in detail.
All things in the world are composed of atoms and molecules, and their chemical properties are determined by the types and quantities of constituent elements and the way atoms are combined. For example, metal things have good electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and ductility. Due to the unique combination between metal atoms, electrons can move freely between lattices, so they can conduct electric heat; and the atoms are arranged in an orderly manner, and can slip without breaking when stressed, so they are malleable.
And if it is an active non-metal, such as oxygen, its chemical properties are extremely active. Oxygen atoms have six electrons in the outermost layer, and want to reach an eight-electron stable structure, so it is easy to obtain electrons from other substances, showing strong oxidation. Common combustion reactions rely on oxygen to participate. Combustibles react violently in oxygen and release a lot of energy.
Looking at compounds again, water is a common thing. Its chemical properties are relatively stable, but under certain conditions, many reactions can also occur. Water can be electrolyzed and decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen. This is due to the action of electric current, which breaks the chemical bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water molecules. Water can also react with some metal and non-metal oxides to form corresponding acids or bases.
In addition, chemical properties are also affected by external conditions. When the temperature increases, the thermal movement of molecules intensifies, and the reaction rate is often accelerated; the change of pressure has a significant impact on the reaction involving gases; the existence of catalysts can change the route of chemical reactions, reduce the activation energy required for the reaction, and make the reaction more prone to occur.
To explore the chemical properties of a substance, it is necessary to comprehensively consider its composition, reaction characteristics and the influence of external conditions in order to understand its essence and understand the reason for its change.
In which fields are they applied?
As recorded in "Tiangong Kaiwu", there are many applications.
In the field of farming mulberry, its use is great. Such as farming tools, plows, rakes, and columbines are all described in detail. The shape of the plow varies from soil to soil. It is used to plow the land, break the soil and open ridges, making the soil loose and fertile, which is conducive to sowing and raising seedlings. The rake shredded the soil and leveled the field, making the soil even and fine, and the seeds easy to grow. The wonder of the columbine, which can sow and cover the soil at the same time, save manpower, and improve the efficiency of farming, has contributed to the vast farmland. In the book, there are complete methods for various grain cultivation and silkworm breeding, from seasonal solar terms, selection and breeding to field management, pest control, to guide farming and ensure harvest. This is the application in the field of agriculture.
In the place of hardware casting, it also has important guidelines. The techniques of copper mining, iron smelting, and money casting are analyzed in detail. When mining, according to the direction of ore veins and the color and texture of ore, distinguish the advantages and disadvantages, and determine the method of mining. When smelting, there are exquisite things about grasping the heat and the proportion of ingredients. For example, the method of casting bells, the alloy composition is precisely mixed, and the heat is just right, so that bells with loud sound and fine texture can be cast for ancestral temple sacrifices and court celebrations. This is the application in the field of metallurgical casting.
In the field of ceramic firing, also see its power. From the selection of porcelain clay, the forming of the billet to the firing in the kiln, there are detailed records. The characteristics of porcelain clay from different origins are different, and the billet can be made after screening, washing, aging and other processes. The forming method, or drawing billet, or printing billet, or billet, has its own skills. When firing, the kiln temperature control and atmosphere adjustment are related to the quality of porcelain, or white as jade, or green as green, or colorful as glow, all rely on this method, which is used in the field of ceramic manufacturing.
The manufacturing of boats and cars is also involved. The structure of a boat varies according to the sailing waters. There are differences in size, shape, and mast sail configuration between an inland river boat and a maritime boat. The production of the car, the design of the axle and the yoke are related to the stability of the driving and the load-bearing force. They play a significant role in water and land transportation. This is the application in the field of boat manufacturing.
In summary, the applications involved in "Tiangong Kaiwu" are widely used in many fields such as agriculture and mulberry, metallurgy, ceramics, boats, etc., providing valuable experience and wisdom for the production practice of the time and later generations.
What is its preparation method?
The method of making its utensils is quite complicated and delicate.
If you want to make this thing, first take good materials, which must be strong and tough, such as fine iron and good wood. If you use iron, choose high-quality fine iron, and after repeated calcination, beat it thousands of times to remove its impurities, so that the texture is pure. This process requires craftsmen to be familiar with deep heat and beating methods. If the heat is too strong, the iron will be brittle, and if the heat is not enough, the impurities will be difficult to remove.
If you use good wood as a material, you need to choose those with fine texture and stable wood, such as red sandalwood, huanghuali, etc. After cutting, leave it in a dry place in the shade for several months, and wait for the moisture to dissipate to prevent future deformation.
Then, according to the shape of the utensils made, draw a precise pattern. This pattern needs to be prepared in detail, and the size must be checked. The craftsman applies the art according to the picture, using saws, axes, chisels, files and other tools to carefully carve.
If you make a delicate box, first cut the wood into a suitable board with a saw, and then cut it with an axe to make it a large shape. Then chisel the mortise and tenon, and the mortise and tenon must fit tightly to be stable. After that, polish it with a file to make the surface as smooth as a mirror without the slightest burr.
If you make iron, in addition to forging and beating, you often need a quenching process. Burn the calcined iron ware until it is red and quickly immerse it in water. This process has strict requirements on water temperature and immersion time. If quenched properly, the iron can be hard and soft.
And the decoration of the utensils is also exquisite. Or carve the pattern of flowers, birds, insects and fish, or inlay pearls and gemstones to enhance its beauty. Engraving requires delicate knife techniques and smooth lines to be lifelike; inlay should be precise and firm.
In short, the method of making utensils requires craftsmen to have both exquisite skills and patience and concentration to create exquisite utensils.
