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What are the chemical properties of methyl 2-chloro-5-iodobenzoate?
Alkanes are a class of hydrocarbons with a saturated carbon-carbon single bond structure. Ethyl valerate is an ester compound formed by the esterification reaction of valeric acid and ethanol.
The chemical properties of ethyl valerate are first involved in hydrolysis. Under the catalysis of acid or base, hydrolysis can occur. In an acidic medium, hydrolysis is a reversible reaction, and ethyl valerate gradually changes to valeric acid and ethanol, because hydrogen ions can promote the breaking and reconstruction of ester bonds. The reaction formula is roughly as follows: Ethyl valerate is added with water, and under the catalysis of acid, gradually valeric acid and ethanol are formed. In an alkaline medium, hydrolysis is irreversible, resulting in the formation of valeric acid salts and ethanol, and the reaction of hydroxide ions with the resulting acid shifts the equilibrium to the right. In this process, alkali substances such as sodium hydroxide participate in the reaction, and ethyl valerate interacts with sodium hydroxide to obtain sodium valerate and ethanol.
Furthermore, ethyl valerate can participate in the alcoholysis reaction. If it is combined with other alcohols under the action of a catalyst, ester exchange can occur, and the original ethyl ester group is replaced by a new alcohol group to generate a new ester and ethanol. This reaction is often used in organic synthesis to obtain specific esters.
Because its molecule contains ester groups, ethyl valerate can react with nucleophiles such as Grignard reagents. The carbon-magnesium bond in Grignard's reagent is strongly polar, the carbon atom is partially negatively charged, and it is nucleophilic. It can attack the carbonyl carbon of ethyl valerate and undergo a series of changes to generate corresponding alcohols and other products. This reaction is very important in the construction of carbon-carbon bonds and the synthesis of complex organic compounds. The chemical properties of
ethyl valerate are rich and diverse, and hydrolysis, alcoholysis, and reactions with nucleophiles are of great value in the synthesis of organic chemistry and related fields.
What are the physical properties of methyl 2-chloro-5-iodobenzoate?
Halogenated acetonitrile is a type of compound formed by the replacement of hydrogen atoms in acetonitrile molecules by halogen atoms. Take bromoacetonitrile as an example, its physical properties are as follows:
Bromoacetonitrile is a colorless to light yellow liquid at room temperature, with a special odor and a certain irritation. Its density is higher than that of water. Under standard conditions, the density is about 1.932g/cm ³, which makes it sink to the bottom when mixed with water. Bromoacetonitrile has a boiling point of 145-146 ° C. At this temperature, bromoacetonitrile will change from liquid to gaseous. Its melting point is about -51 ° C. When the temperature is lower than this value, bromoacetonitrile will solidify into a solid state.
From the perspective of solubility, bromoacetonitrile is slightly soluble in water, which is due to its molecular structure. The acetonitrile part is a lipophilic group, while the bromine atom has a certain polarity, but the force formed between the whole and the water molecule is limited, resulting in its solubility in water is not high. However, it can be miscible in any ratio with a variety of organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, acetone, etc. This is because bromoacetonitrile has similar molecular structures and polar characteristics to these organic solvents, and follows the principle of "similar miscibility".
In addition, bromoacetonitrile has a certain volatility. In an open environment, it will gradually evaporate into the air, and because it has certain toxicity, it may cause harm to the environment and human health after evaporation. Its vapor pressure has a specific value in a certain temperature range. As the temperature increases, the vapor pressure increases and the volatilization speed accelerates.
Chloroacetonitrile is also a colorless liquid with a pungent odor. The density is about 1.192 g/cm ³, the boiling point is 127-128 ° C, and the melting point is -44 ° C. In terms of solubility, it is similar to bromoacetonitrile, slightly soluble in water and soluble in common organic solvents. Its volatilization is also strong, and steam is also dangerous.
Acetonitrile replaced by different halogen atoms will have different physical properties due to differences in atomic radius and electronegativity of halogen atoms, but generally show similar laws and characteristics.
What is the main use of methyl 2-chloro-5-iodobenzoate?
Mercury, also known as "white", is a liquid at room temperature. It is the only liquid metal element. It is highly toxic and has been used in many fields in ancient times. Sodium pentachlorophenol, which is obtained by the chlorination reaction of sodium phenol and chlorine, is white crystalline and can be dissolved in water, which is highly toxic. Both have specific uses in the ancient processes involved in "Tiangong Kaiwu".
Mercury was the first in the field of alchemy in ancient times. The ancients believed that pills can live forever, and mercury has become a key raw material for alchemy due to its special chemical properties. For example, Ge Hong's "Baozi Inner Part" contains many alchemy formulas involving mercury. The ancients thought that mercury could react wonderfully with other substances, and after a complex refining process, it could become a "fairy pill". " Although the "Tiangong Kaiwu" does not elaborate on the details of mercury alchemy, the alchemy atmosphere was prevalent at that time, and the application of mercury was widespread.
The second is the gilt process. This is the proportional fusion of gold and mercury into gold amalgam, which is applied to the surface of utensils, heated to evaporate mercury, and gold is attached to utensils for the purpose of decoration and protection. Although the "Hardware" chapter of "Tiangong Kaiwu" does not elaborate on the gilt operation, it does mention the mining and smelting of gold, silver, copper, iron and tin. The gilt process, as an important part of metal processing, may have been widely used at that time. Mercury is used in this process as a carrier of gold, helping to uniformly attach the metal to utensils.
Furthermore, mercury is also used in the field of medicine. Ancient physicians believed that mercury had the functions of sterilization, disinfection, and anti-corrosion. Some external medicinal However, due to the high toxicity of mercury, improper use can easily cause poisoning, so the application is cautious.
Sodium pentachlorophenol was mainly used in agriculture in ancient times. One is wood preservation. Ancient buildings, boats, etc. used wood as the main material. In order to prevent wood decay, sodium pentachlorophenol can be used as a preservative. Soaking or painting the wood in its solution can inhibit the growth of microorganisms and prolong the service life of wood. Although "Tiangong Kaiwu" does not explicitly mention sodium pentachlorophenol wood preservation, the importance of wood preservation has been known since ancient times. Sodium pentachlorophenol is an effective preservative or has been applied.
The second is agricultural pest control. Sodium pentachlorophenol has a killing effect on pests such as snails and leeches. Ancient agricultural production and water conservancy construction were often affected by such organisms, such as snails spreading schistosomiasis that threatened human and animal health, and sodium pentachlorophenol could be sprinkled in waters or wetlands to control the reproduction of pests and ensure the safety of agricultural production and human settlements. Although the "Tiangong Kaiwu" does not contain detailed pentachlorophenol sodium pest pest pest, the ancients have many ways to eliminate pest, pentachlorophenol sodium or one of them.
What is the synthesis method of methyl 2-chloro-5-iodobenzoate?
To prepare ethyl 5-bromovalerate, the following method can be used.
First take glutaric anhydride and react with it with an appropriate amount of ethanol. In the reaction system, add an appropriate amount of concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst and heat it. After this reaction between glutaric anhydride and ethanol, monoethyl glutarate can be obtained. The principle of this reaction is that the acid anhydride and alcohol under acidic catalysis undergo alcoholysis to form esters and carboxylic acids. During the chemical process, the carbonyl group of the acid anhydride is attacked by the nucleophilic group of the alcohol hydroxyl group, and the bond is broken to form an ester group and a carboxyl group.
After obtaining monoethyl glutarate, it is reacted with a brominating The commonly used brominating agent can be selected from phosphorus bromide, such as phosphorus tribromide. Under appropriate reaction conditions, the α-hydrogen atom of monoethyl glutarate is affected by the brominating agent and undergoes a substitution reaction. The function of phosphorus tribromide is that it can convert the carboxyl group into acyl bromide, thereby enhancing the activity of α-hydrogen, and prompting the bromine atom to replace α-hydrogen to obtain 5-bromoglutarate monoethyl ester.
Finally, the 5-bromoglutarate monoethyl ester is reacted with ethanol under acid catalysis. This step of the reaction aims to convert the carboxyl group of the monoethyl ester into an ethyl ester group. Likewise, concentrated sulfuric acid is used as a catalyst to heat the reaction to promote the esterification reaction, and the carboxyl group dehydrates and condensates with the hydroxyl group of ethanol to obtain ethyl 5-bromovalerate. Throughout the synthesis process, the control of the reaction conditions at each step is very critical, and the ratio of reactants, reaction temperature and time all affect the yield and purity of the product. Fine operation is required to make the synthesis smooth and obtain the required ethyl 5-bromovalerate.
What are the precautions for methyl 2-chloro-5-iodobenzoate during storage and transportation?
Mercury is a highly toxic substance, and mercury lithioflavate needs to pay great attention to many matters during storage and transportation.
First, it is related to storage. It is necessary to choose a cool, dry and well-ventilated place. Because mercury lithioflavate likes dryness, if it is in a humid place, it is easy to react with water vapor, causing its properties to mutate, its effectiveness to be impaired, and even other harmful substances to be generated. And the temperature also needs to be strictly controlled. Excessive temperature can cause it to accelerate decomposition and cause danger, so it should be ensured that the storage environment temperature is suitable. Furthermore, this substance must be kept separate from other chemicals, especially reducing substances and acids. Due to its special chemical properties, it encounters with reducing substances, or causes severe redox reactions; contact with acids may also trigger chemical reactions, resulting in gas leakage and other disasters. At the same time, obvious warning signs should be set up at the storage place to remind everyone that this is a dangerous chemical, and non-professionals are not allowed to enter, to prevent accidents.
Second, as for transportation. Transport equipment must have good sealing. Ensure that there is no risk of leakage of mercury lithioflavate during transportation. Leakage will not only pollute the environment, but also pose great harm to those who come into contact. Transport personnel must be professionally trained and familiar with the characteristics of the substance and emergency treatment methods. In case of emergencies on the way, they can respond quickly and correctly to minimize the harm. In addition, transportation route planning should not be ignored, and sensitive places such as densely populated areas and water sources should be avoided as much as possible. In the event of a leak, the impact on people's lives and the ecological environment can be reduced. And the transportation process must strictly follow relevant regulations and operate according to the prescribed procedures to ensure the safety of the entire transportation link. In short, the storage and transportation of mercury lithioflavate should not be sloppy at all, and care should be taken to ensure the safety of personnel and the environment.