N,n-dimethyl-4-iodobenzamide

In "Tiangong Kaiwu", arsenic, that is, arsenic trioxide, is mainly derived from the processing products of arsenic-containing minerals (such as realgar, orpiment, etc.).
The main uses of arsenic in ancient times are quite extensive. First, in the field of medicine, a small amount of arsenic can be used as medicine after being specially processed. For example, in the treatment of some intractable diseases, doctors will use arsenic cautiously, with the help of its toxicity to fight poison and regulate human diseases. However, this usage requires extremely high dosage control, and a little carelessness can endanger life. Second, in agriculture, arsenic can be used as an insecticide. Because of its strong toxicity, it can effectively kill field pests and protect crops. However, due to its severe toxicity, extreme care should be taken when using it to prevent excessive harm to crops and the surrounding environment. Third, in the ancient metallurgical industry, arsenic was sometimes used in the refining process of ore. By reacting with certain components in the ore, it assists in the separation and extraction of the required metals, and helps to advance the metallurgical process.
Although arsenic has certain uses, it is highly toxic and must be used with extreme caution. A slight mistake will cause serious consequences.

Borax is the common name of sodium tetraborate, and its physical properties are quite unique. Borax is mostly colorless and translucent crystals or white crystalline powder, which is soft and easily soluble in water.
Borax crystals have a certain regular geometric shape and are quite beautiful. From the perspective of color, pure ones are colorless and transparent, but common ones are white due to containing some impurities. Its touch is delicate, and the surface is smooth under the crystal form.
In terms of solubility, borax has a high solubility in hot water and can be dissolved in hot water relatively quickly to form a uniform and stable solution; while in cold water, although its dissolution rate is relatively slow, it can also dissolve a certain amount. This property allows borax to be used in many fields, such as in some traditional processes, with the help of its solubility in water to prepare specific liquids.
The density of borax is moderate, which is less dense than some metal substances, and slightly heavier than some common light powders. Its density characteristics determine that in some application scenarios, borax will have unique performance. For example, when mixing other substances, the uniformity and stability of the mixture will be affected due to density differences.
Furthermore, borax has a certain degree of hygroscopicity. In an environment with high relative humidity, borax can absorb moisture in the air, which can lead to deliquescence. This property requires attention when storing borax and should be properly stored to prevent it from deteriorating due to moisture absorption and affecting the subsequent use effect.

4-Nitroparaffin oil is a product obtained by nitrification reaction using paraffin as raw material. Its chemical properties are unique and have many characteristics.
First, 4-nitroparaffin oil has certain oxidizing properties. Due to the presence of nitro groups, nitro groups are strong electron-absorbing groups, which change the distribution of electron clouds in the molecules, thus exhibiting oxidation ability. Under specific conditions, it can react with some reducing substances, such as some metal elementals or low-priced compounds, which can promote their valence to increase.
Second, the stability of this substance is limited. Nitro groups are connected to paraffin hydrocarbons and are not extremely stable in structure. When exposed to heat, light or specific catalysts, decomposition reactions may occur. The decomposition process may produce some nitrogen oxides and other gases, and the paraffin hydrocarbon group may also undergo cracking and other changes, which will affect its original chemical composition and properties.
Third, 4-nitro paraffin oil has a certain solubility in organic solvents. Due to the lipophilicity of the paraffin part, and the polarity of the nitro group, the overall molecular structure still makes it soluble in some organic solvents, such as some aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbon solvents, etc. With this solubility, in some chemical operations, it can be separated, purified or used as a reaction medium to participate in specific chemical reactions.
Fourth, 4-nitro paraffin oil can participate in nucleophilic substitution reactions. The electron-absorbing effect of nitro groups decreases the density of the electron cloud of carbon atoms connected to them, making them vulnerable to the attack of nucleophiles, and then nucleophilic substitution reactions occur, introducing new functional groups, providing a feasible way for organic synthesis. It may have important applications in the preparation of fine chemical products.

To make sodium tetraborate, there are various methods. One is the borax method. Take an appropriate amount of borax, dissolve it in water, mix it with sodium carbonate, and cook it at a suitable temperature. When the reaction is sufficient, after cooling and crystallization, the crystal of sodium tetraborate can be obtained. This process requires attention to the control of the reaction temperature and the proportion of materials, so that the yield and purity can be good.
The second is the boromite method. First, the magnesium boron ore powder is co-heated with the sodium hydroxide solution to form sodium metaborate, which is then passed into carbon dioxide gas and converted into sodium tetraborate through a series of reactions. In this process, the processing of raw materials and the adjustment of reaction conditions are both critical. The quality of boromignetite, reaction temperature, and gas penetration rate all affect the quality and quantity of the product.
The third is the boric acid method. Mix boric acid and sodium hydroxide in an appropriate proportion and react under certain conditions. Boric acid and base are neutralized to obtain sodium tetraborate. This process also requires fine control of the reaction conditions, such as reaction temperature, time, and concentration of the reactants. If the operation is proper, a high-purity product can be obtained.
Preparation of sodium tetraborate, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the appropriate method must be selected according to factors such as the availability of raw materials, cost considerations, and product requirements, in order to achieve the ideal preparation effect.

Nitrogen diboride is a special material. During storage and transportation, many matters must be carefully noted.
The first to bear the brunt, the control of temperature is extremely critical. This material is quite sensitive to temperature, and either too high or too low temperature can cause its performance to change. If the temperature is too high, it may cause its structure to be unstable, causing some chemical properties to change, which in turn affects its storage life and subsequent use efficiency. Therefore, when storing and transporting, it is appropriate to maintain a relatively stable and suitable temperature range, usually at room temperature or slightly below room temperature, and it must not be exposed to high temperature environments.
Furthermore, humidity cannot be ignored. Humid environments can have an erosive effect on nitrogen diboride, or cause chemical reactions, resulting in damage to its quality. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the storage and transportation places are dry. Auxiliary means such as desiccants can be used to reduce the ambient humidity, so that it is always in a dry state to prevent deterioration due to excessive humidity.
In addition, packaging is also crucial. Appropriate packaging materials should be selected. This material not only needs to have good sealing to isolate the outside world from moisture and air, but also must have certain compression and shock resistance. Because during transportation, it is inevitable to encounter vibration and collision. If the packaging cannot provide sufficient protection, it is easy to damage the form or structure of nitrogen diboride, affecting its original properties and functions.
Furthermore, it is also important to avoid contact with other chemical substances. Nitrogen diboride is chemically active or reacts with certain chemical substances. Therefore, when storing and transporting, it should be separated from other substances that may react, and stored and transported separately to ensure the stability of its chemical properties.
In summary, during the storage and transportation of nitrogen diboride, temperature, humidity, packaging, and avoidance of contact with other chemical substances need to be treated with caution to ensure that its performance and quality are not affected.